Casting defects are defects in castings that occur in the casting process. There are various defect phenomena such as cracks in castings, rough surfaces, and casting nests with cavities inside. Casting defects are classified into several types, each with different causes. In addition, since there are several pre-casting processes in the casting process, and even defects in the previous process lead to casting defects, there are complex cases where casting defects are not limited to one, and there are actually many complex causes.
Typical defects fall into six broad categories. First of all, we will look at the causes and countermeasures for "rough casting surface".
What is Rough Casting Surface?
Rough casting surface is a phenomenon in which the entire surface of a cast product or some surfaces is not smooth compared to the surface soo degree that appears in buried materials.
Mainly due to the temperature of molten metal. Some of the castings are exposed to high temperatures, causing "rough" in parts of the product, or depressions caused by gas generation due to the mixing ratio between buried materials and water and breathability inhibition of molds.
Why Rough Casting Surface Occurs, and What are the countermeasures?
There are seven main causes of rough casting surface. We will introduce the causes and countermeasures, respectively.
１ Molten Metal Temperature is Too High
Because the molten metal temperature is too high, it is caused by a chemical reaction caused by heat between the molten metal at the time of pouring and the surface of the mold. In extreme cases, "burning" with buried materials may occur. Set the molten metal temperature low and cast.
In the wax tree shape where molten metal flows directly from the pushing water into the product part, hot spots occur around the yudo weir. In this case, please change the distance and shape of the hot spring path from the pushy water to the product part.
In addition, the place where the flow of hot water crosses in the product shape is also called "hot spot", and casting defects due to heat may occur.
２ The Casting Mold Temperature is Too High
If the temperature of the casting mold is too high, the molten metal temperature will not be lowered, and the casting surface may become rough due to the chemical reaction with the mold surface. Lower the casting temperature of the casting mold and cast it.
３ Generation of Residue Gas
Residue Roughness of casting surface due to gas is a phenomenon commonly seen mainly in pressure casting.
In casting mold calcination, if the objects in the mold are not completely burned down and the residue remains, the gas generated from the residue at the time of casting will appear as Porosity in whole or in part of the product part.
This gas can be contained in the bullion itself or due to the lack of permeability of the casting mold. The calcinate temperature gradient must be changed so that no residue remains.
４ Moisture Content of the Casting Mold
① The Amount of Water is Large
If the ad bathing ratio of the investment powder is large, the density may decrease, the gap between the particles may increase, and the mold surface may become rough.
Make sure that the amount of mixed water in the investment powder is too large.
② The Residual Moisture of the Casting Mold is Low
Excessive drying of the casting mold will cause rough casting surface.
In the case of gypsum investment powder, if the time from completion of the investment work to the casting mold to the start of calcination has passed for a long time, or if left in a very dry environment, the necessary moisture will come out of the casting mold and lead to roughness of the casting surface.
５ Flow Line
This phenomenon causes flow line on the surface of casting. It can be said that it is a state on the verge of generating casting defects mainly due to insufficient dissolution.
Increase the casting temperature of the mold or the bullion temperature at the time of casting.
６ Lack of Permeability
If the mixing ratio of gypsum investment powder is low, permeability will be impaired.
In the case of investment powder that are hardened using a binder, such as silica investment powder, gas may remain in the casting mold and depressions may occur due to the dilution rate of the binder water is too low or too dense, and the ventilation shortage of the mold that occurs because the mixing ratio of the binder aqueous solution and the investment powder is too low.
Adjust the mixing ratio of investment powder and binder to ensure permeability before casting.
In addition, the binder used in silica investment powder changes to silica at high temperatures. If this casting mold is calcinated at a maximum temperature (900 to 950 °C) for a long time, the binder will be sintered too much, and the sintering bond of silica will proceed too much, and permeability will be inhibited.
Cast with reduced sintering time during calcination.
７ Collapse of the Casting Mold
The inner wall in the casting mold is partially missing for some reason, causing local rough surface. If this is seen, be careful if there is a "chiding".
There are also rough particles (such as the size of the grains) caused by rough investment powder.
Summary of Rough Casting Surface
We have introduced the causes and countermeasures, but we will summarize what to do when rough casting surface occurs.
Check List
- Lower molten metal temperature and the casting mold temperature
- Change the distance and shape of the Sprue
- Change the calcinated temperature gradient and calcinated time of the casting mold
- Adjust the mixing ratio between the investment powder and the water or binder to change the density of the investment powder slurry
- Lower casting mold temperature and bull metal temperature during casting
- Check wax tree's dent and the casting mold strength
There is not always one cause. Please review all the items again and see how they work.
宝石などが石留めされる宝飾品やアクセサリーで、主役となる宝石の周囲や周辺に留められる宝石を指す。
カーボンルツボを使って高周波誘導加熱を行う場合、ルツボと加熱コイルの接触を避けるために高周波誘導の影響を受けない素材で保護をする。
焼成した鋳型をつかむ工具。
埋没材を手で攪拌する際に使用するゴム製の容器。
ラバーキャストで使用する器具。
熱加硫式のシリコーンゴムを加硫する際にシリコーンゴムが熱膨張で枠からはみ出る。
ブローチ針を装着する工具。
ワックス型修正用の工具。
鋳型の周囲にツバが付けられた吸引鋳造用のフラスコ。
チタンは、ルツボの素材と反応して金属組成が変化するため、チタン鋳造では一般的なルツボを使った高周波誘導加熱溶解は行わない。この代わりに銅製のルツボを使用し、アーク溶解を行う。
シリカ系埋没材などの無結合型埋没材の脱水を行うために使用する専用紙。
耐火性・耐熱性の強い手袋。
埋没材を手で攪拌する場合に使用する専用のヘラ。
ルツボの中の高融点金属を攪拌するための石英製の棒。
ラバーキャストで使用する器具。
ロストワックス鋳造のブロックモールド法（ソリッドモールド法）のゴム型にインジェクションワックスを射出する際に使う器具。
黒鉛製の棒。
金以外の割り金の種類や配合を変えて、イエローゴールド以外の発色をする金合金の総称。
黒鉛製の棒。
硫酸などに浸けた金属を陽極（+）として電気を流し、金属の電子を取り除くことで表面を酸化させること。これにより不動態を形成する。アルマイトはアルミの陽極酸化。
ロストワックス鋳造（ブロックモールド法）で、ワックス型の作製工程でゴム型に射出する専用のパラフィンを主成分とするワックス。通常60℃前後で溶解する。
ワックスツリーの部分名称。
ワイヤーワックスともいう。パラフィン系のワックスでできた細い棒状のワックス。もともと歯科技工の鋳造でワックス原型を成型する材料。部分入れ歯（パーシャルデンチャー /Partial Denture) のバネ（留め金）を形成するためのもので太さ（Φ）も0.1ｍｍ単位でさまざまある。これを宝飾用に流用した。ランナースプルーやゲートスプルー、ベント用の線として使用し、ワックス型の穴埋め修正などの素材としても使用される。
宝飾品の部分名称。指輪円周で指輪の外側と指と接する指輪の腕から下の場所。円周に沿った角を落として鈍角にした部分。指輪を装着したときの指との感触を和らげる効果がある。